To manage a crisis, governments and central banks typically use a combination of these four tools:
: A deflationary depression in the U.S. marked by bank failures and a collapsing stock market . Big Debt Crises
: Central banks create money to buy assets and provide liquidity . To manage a crisis, governments and central banks
: Credit disappears, asset prices crash, and interest rates hit 0%, making standard monetary policy ineffective . To manage a crisis
: The economy slowly returns to normal, often taking 5–10 years for GDP to recover . 🛠️ The Four Policy Levers