: Even if an official acts outside their orders, the State can still be held liable if they acted in an official capacity. 2. Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness A State may be excused from responsibility if the act was:
If you'd like to dive deeper into a (like Article 4 on state organs) or need the full list of reparation types , let me know! 19155mp4
💡 : While technically "draft" articles, they are widely viewed by the International Court of Justice and other tribunals as reflecting customary international law , making them binding on all states regardless of a formal treaty. : Even if an official acts outside their
: Any person or entity acting as part of the state's government. 19155mp4